next up previous contents
Next: About this document ... Up: CAM Tech Note Previous: Acknowledgments   Contents

Bibliography

Anthes, R. A., Summary of workshop on the NCAR Community Climate/forecast Models 14-26 July 1985, Boulder, Colorado, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 67, 94-198, 1986.

Asselin, R., Frequency filter for time integrations, Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 487-490, 1972.

Austin, P., Y. Wang, R. Pincus, and V. Kujala, Precipitation in stratocumulus clouds: Observational and modeling results, J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 2329-2352, 1995.

Baede, A. P. M., M. Jarraud, and U. Cubasch, Adiabatic formulation and organization of ECMWF's model, Technical Report 15, ECMWF, Reading, U.K., 1979.

Baker, M. B., Variability in concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine cloud-topped boundary layer, Tellus, 45B, 458-472, 1993.

Bates, J. R., F. H. M. Semazzi, R. W. Higgins, and S. R. Barros, Integration of the shallow water equations on the sphere using a vector semi-Lagrangian scheme with a multigrid solver, Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1615-1627, 1990.

Bath, L., J. Rosinski, and J. Olson, User's Guide to NCAR CCM2, Technical Report NCAR/TN-379+IA, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 156 pp., 1992.

Bath, L. M., M. A. Dias, D. L. Williamson, G. S. Williamson, and R. J. Wolski, User's Guide to NCAR CCM1, Technical Report NCAR/TN-286+IA, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 173 pp., 1987.

Berger, A. L., Long-term variations of daily insolation and quaternary climatic changes, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 2362-2367, 1978.

Betts, A. K., Parametric interpretation of trade-wind cumulus budget studies, J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1934-1945, 1975.

Bitz, C. M., and W. H. Lipscomb, An energy-conserving thermodynamic model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15669-15677, 1999.

Bonan, G. B., A land surface model (LSM version 1.0) for ecological, hydrological, and atmospheric studies: Technical description and user's guide, Technical Report NCAR/TN-417+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, 150 pp., 1996.

Bonan, G. B., K. W. Oleson, M. Vertenstein, S. Levis, X. Zeng, Y. Dai, R. E. Dickinson, , and Z.-L. Yang, The land surface climatology of the Community Land Model coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model, J. Climate, 15, 3123-3149, 2002.

Bourke, W., B. McAvaney, K. Puri, and R. Thurling, Global modeling of atmospheric flow by spectral methods, in Methods in Computational Physics, Vol. 17, 267-324, Academic Press, New York, 1977.

Boville, B. A., and C. S. Bretherton, Heating and dissipation in the NCAR community atmosphere model, J. Climate, 2003, submitted.

Briegleb, B. P., Delta-Eddington approximation for solar radiation in the NCAR Community Climate Model, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7603-7612, 1992.

Briegleb, B. P., C. M. Bitz, E. C. Hunke, W. H. Lipscomb, and J. L. Schramm, Description of the community climate system model version 2 sea ice model, Technical report, National Center for Atmospheric Research, http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/ice-csim4, 2002.

Bryan, F. O., B. G. Kauffman, W. G. Large, and P. R. Gent, The NCAR CSM Flux Coupler, Technical Report NCAR/TN-424+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 58 pp., 1996.

Cess, R. D., Nuclear war: Illustrative effects of atmospheric smoke and dust upon solar radiation, Clim. Change, 7, 237-251, 1985.

Chen, C., and W. R. Cotton, The physics of the marine stratocumulus-capped mixed layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 44 (50), 2951-2977, 1987.

Chervin, R. M., Interannual variability and seasonal climate predictability, J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 233-251, 1986.

Clough, S. A., F. X. Kneizys, and R. W. Davies, Line shape and the water vapor continuum, Atmos. Res., 23, 229-241, 1989.

Clough, S. A., M. J. Iacono, and J. L. Moncet, Line-by-line calculations of atmospheric fluxes and cooling rates - Application to water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 15761-15785, 1992.

Coakley, J. A., R. D. Cess, and F. B. Yurevich, The effect of tropospheric aerosols on the Earth's radiation budget: A parameterization for climate models, J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 116-138, 1983.

Collins, W. D., A global signature of enhanced shortwave absorption by clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 31669-31679, 1998.

Collins, W. D., Parameterization of generalized cloud overlap for radiative calculations in general circulation models, J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 3224-3242, 2001.

Collins, W. D., J. K. Hackney, and D. P. Edwards, A new parameterization for infrared emission and absorption by water vapor in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (D22), 2002.

Côté, J., and A. Staniforth, A two-time-level semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit scheme for spectral models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 2003-2012, 1988.

Curtis, A. R., Contribution to a discussion of `A statistical model for water vapour absorption' by R. M. Goody, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 638-640, 1952.

Dai, Y., X. Zeng, R. E. Dickinson, and coauthors, The Common Land Model: Documentation and User's Guide, http://climate.eas.gatech.edu/dai/clmdoc.pdf, 2001.

Daley, R., C. Girard, J. Henderson, and I. Simmonds, Short-term forecasting with a multi-level spectral primitive equation model. Part I--model formulation, Atmosphere, 14, 98-116, 1976.

Deardorff, J. W., Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer for use in general circulation models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 93-106, 1972.

Dickinson, R. E., A. Henderson-Sellers, P. J. Kennedy, and M. F. Wilson, Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) for the NCAR Community Climate Model, Technical Report NCAR/TN-275+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 69 pp., 1987.

Donner, L., and V. Ramanathan, Methane and nitrous oxide: Their effects on the terrestrial climate, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 119-124, 1980.

Dütsch, H. U., Vertical ozone distribution on a global scale, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 511-529, 1986.

Duynkerke, P. G., Application of the E-$ \epsilon$ turbulence closure model to the neutral and stable atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 865-880, 1988.

Dyer, A. J., A review of flux-profile relationships, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 7, 363-372, 1974.

Ebert, E. E., and J. A. Curry, A parameterization of ice cloud optical properties for climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3831-3836, 1992.

Ebert, E. E., and J. A. Curry, An intermediate one-dimensional thermodynamic sea ice model for investigating ice-atmosphere interactions, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10085-10109, 1993.

Edwards, D. P., GENLN2: A general line-by-line atmospheric transmittance and radiance model, Technical Report NCAR/TN-367+STR, NCAR, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado, 80307-3000, 147 pp., January, 1992.

Geleyn, J.-F., Interpolation of wind, temperature and humidity values from model levels to the height of measurement, Tellus, Series A (Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography), 40A, 347-351, 1988.

Godson, W. L., The evaluation of infra-red radiative fluxes due to atmospheric water vapour, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 367-379, 1953.

Goody, R. M., and Y. L. Yung, Atmospheric Radiation. Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2nd edition, 1989, 519 pp.

Grenfell, T. C., S. G. Warren, and P. C. Mullen, Reflection of solar radiation by the antarctic snow surface at ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18669-18684, 1994.

Hack, J. J., Parameterization of moist convection in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5551-5568, 1994.

Hack, J. J., L. M. Bath, G. W. Williamson, and B. A. Boville, Modifications and enhancements to the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1), Technical Report NCAR/TN-336+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 97 pp., 1989.

Hack, J. J., B. A. Boville, B. P. Briegleb, J. T. Kiehl, P. J. Rasch, and D. L. Williamson, Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2), Technical Report NCAR/TN-382+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, 120 pp., 1993.

Hildebrand, F. B., Introduction to Numerical Analysis. McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, 1956, 511 pp.

Hogstrom, U., Non-dimensional wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric surface layer: a re-evaluation, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 42, 55-78, 1988.

Holtslag, A. A. M., and B. A. Boville, Local versus nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion in a global climate model, J. Climate, 6, 1825-1842, 1993.

Holtslag, A. A. M., E. I. F. deBruijn, and H.-L. Pan, A high resolution air mass transformation model for short-range weather forecasting, Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1561-1575, 1990.

Holtslag, A. A. M., and C.-H. Moeng, Eddy diffusivity and countergradient transport in the convective atmospheric boundary layer, J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1690-1698, 1991.

Hortal, M.
1999.
Aspects of the numerics of the ECMWF model.
in Proceedings of ECMWF Seminar: Recent developments in numerical methods for atmospheric modelling, 7-11 September 1998, 127-143, .

IPCC, Climate Change, 1994 : Radiative Forcing of Climate Change and an Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 emission Scenarios. Cambridge University Press, 1995, ed., John T. Houghton.

Joseph, J. H., W. J. Wiscombe, and J. A. Weinman, The delta-Eddington approximation for radiative flux transfer, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2452-2459, 1976.

Kader, B. A., and A. M. Yaglom, Mean fields and fluctuation moments in unstably stratified turbulent boundary layers, J. Fluid Mech., 212, 637-662, 1990.

Kagann, R. H., J. W. Elkins, and R. L. Sams, Absolute band strengths of halocarbons F-11 and F-12 in the 8- to 16-$ \mu$m region, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 1427-1432, 1983.

Kasahara, A., Various vertical coordinate systems used for numerical weather prediction, Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 509-522, 1974.

Kessler, E., On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations. Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1969.

Kiehl, J. T., and B. P. Briegleb, A new parameterization of the absorptance due to the 15 $ \mu$m band system of carbon dioxide, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 9013-9019, 1991.

Kiehl, J. T., and B. P. Briegleb, The relative roles of sulfate aerosols and greenhouse gases in climate forcing, Science, 260, 311-314, 1993.

Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, and B. P. Briegleb, The simulated Earth radiation budget of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model CCM2 and comparisons with the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20815-20827, 1994.

Kiehl, J. T., J. Hack, G. Bonan, B. Boville, B. Briegleb, D. Williamson, and P. Rasch, Description of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3), Technical Report NCAR/TN-420+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 152 pp., 1996.

Kiehl, J. T., J. J. Hack, G. B. Bonan, B. B. Boville, D. L. Williamson, and P. J. Rasch, The National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model: CCM3, J. Climate, 11, 1131-1149, 1998.

Kiehl, J. T., and V. Ramanathan, CO$ {}_2$ radiative parameterization used in climate models: comparison with narrow band models and with laboratory data, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 5191-5202, 1983.

Kiehl, J. T., and V. Ramanathan, Comparison of cloud forcing derived from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment with that simulated by the NCAR Community Climate Model, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 11679-11698, 1990.

Klein, S. A., and D. L. Hartmann, The seasonal cycle of low stratiform clouds, J. Climate, 6, 1587-1606, 1993.

Kluzek, E. B., M. Vertenstein, and B. E. Eaton, User's Guide to NCAR CAM2.0, Technical report, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, http://www.cesm.ucar.edu/models/atm-cam/UsersGuide/cover.html, 2002.

Large, W. G., Ocean modeling and parameterization, in Modeling and parameterizing the ocean planetary boundary layer, edited by E.P.Chassignet, and J. (eds.), 81-120, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998, Printed in the Netherlands.

Large, W. G., J. C. McWilliams, and S. C. Doney, Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a nonlocal boundary layer parameterization, Rev. Geophys., 32, 363-403, 1994.

Large, W. G., and S. Pond, Sensible and latent heat flux measurements over the ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 464-482, 1982.

Levkov, L., B. Rockel, H. Kapitza, and E. Raschke, 3D mesoscale numerical studies of cirrus and stratus clouds by their time and space evolution, Beitr. Phys. Atmosph., 65, 35-58, 1992.

Li, J., Accounting for overlap of fractional cloud in infrared radiation, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 3325-3342, 2000.

Lin, Y.-L., R. R. Farley, and H. D. Orville, Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol., 22, 1065-1092, 1983.

Lohmann, U., and E. Roeckner, Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model, Climate Dynamics, 12, 557-572, 1996.

Lord, S. J., W. C. Chao, and A. Arakawa, Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. part iv: The discrete model, J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 104-113, 1982.

Machenhauer, B., The spectral method, in Numerical Methods Used in Atmospheric Models, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1979.

Manabe, S., Climate and the ocean circulation: 1. The atmospheric circulation and the hydrology of the earth's surface, Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 739-774, 1969.

Manabe, S., and F. Möller, On the radiative equilibrium and heat balance of the atmosphere, Mon. Wea. Rev., 89, 503-562, 1961.

Manabe, S., and R. Strickler, Thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a convective adjustment, J. Atmos. Sci., 21, 361-385, 1964.

Maykut, G. A., and N. Untersteiner, Some results from a time-dependent thermodynamic model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 1550-1575, 1971.

McAvaney, B. J., W. Bourke, and K. Puri, A global spectral model for simulation of the general circulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1557-1583, 1978.

Moeng, C.-H., and P. P. Sullivan, A comparison of shear- and buoyancy-driven planetary boundary layer flows, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 999-1022, 1994.

Ono, N., Specific heat and heat of fusion of sea ice, in Physics of Snow and Ice, Vol. I, edited by H. Oura, 599-610, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido, Japan, 1967.

Orszag, S. A., Fourier series on spheres, Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 405-412, 1974.

Raisanen, P., Effective longwave cloud fraction and maximum-random overlap of clouds: A problem and a solution, Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 3336-3340, 1998.

Ramanathan, V., Radiative transfer within the Earth's troposphere and stratosphere: A simplified radiative-convective model, J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1330-1346, 1976.

Ramanathan, V., and R. E. Dickinson, The role of stratospheric ozone in the zonal and seasonal radiative energy balance of the Earth-troposphere system, J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1084-1104, 1979.

Ramanathan, V., and P. Downey, A nonisothermal emissivity and absorptivity formulation for water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 8649-8666, 1986.

Ramanathan, V., R. J. Cicerone, H. B. Singh, and J. T. Kiehl, Trace gas trends and their potential role in climate change, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 5547-5566, 1985.

Rasch, P. J., B. A. Boville, and G. P. Brasseur, A three-dimensional general circulation model with coupled chemistry for the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 9041-9071, 1995.

Rasch, P. J., and J. E. Kristjánsson, A comparison of the CCM3 model climate using diagnosed and predicted condensate parameterizations, J. Climate, 11, 1587--1614, 1998.

Rasch, P. J., and D. L. Williamson, On shape-preserving interpolation and semi-Lagrangian transport, SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comput., 11, 656-687, 1990.

Ritchie, H., and M. Tanguay, A comparison of spatially averaged Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian treatments of mountains, Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 167-181, 1996.

Robert, A. J., The integration of a low order spectral form of the primitive meteorological equations, J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan, 44, 237-245, 1966.

Roberts, R. E., J. E. A. Salby, and L. M. Biberman, Infrared continuum absorption by atmospheric water vapor in the 8-12 $ \mu$m window, Appl. Opt., 15, 2085-2090, 1976.

Rodgers, C. D., and C. D. Walshaw, The computation of infra-red cooling rate in planetary atmospheres, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 92, 67-92, 1966.

Rothman, L. S., C. P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, S. T. Massie, D. P. Edwards, J.-M. Flaud, A. Perrin, C. Camy-Peyret, V. Dana, J.-Y. Mandin, J. Schroeder, A. McCann, R. R. Gamache, R. B. Wattson, K. Yoshino, K. V. Chance, K. W. Jucks, L. R. Brown, V. Nemtcinov, and P. Varanasi, The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database and HAWKS (HITRAN Atmospheric Workstation): 1996 edition, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 60, 665-710, 1998.

Sangster, W. E., A meteorological coordinate system in which the Earth's surface is a coordinate surface, Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, Department of Geophysical Sciences, 1960.

Sato, R. K., L. M. Bath, D. L. Williamson, and G. S. Williamson, User's guide to NCAR CCMOB, Technical Report NCAR/TN-211+IA, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 133 pp., 1983.

Simmons, A. J., and D. M. Burridge, An energy and angular momentum conserving vertical finite-difference scheme and hybrid vertical coordinates, Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 758-766, 1981.

Simmons, A. J., and R. Strüfing, An energy and angular-momentum conserving finite-difference scheme, hybrid coordinates and medium-range weather prediction, Technical Report ECMWF Report No. 28, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, U.K., 68 pp., 1981.

Simmons, A. J., and R. Strüfing, Numerical forecasts of stratospheric warming events using a model with hybrid vertical coordinate, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 109, 81-111, 1983.

Slingo, A., A GCM parameterization for the shortwave radiative properties of clouds, J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1419-1427, 1989.

Slingo, J. M., The development and verification of a cloud prediction scheme for the ECMWF model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 113, 899-927, 1987.

Sundqvist, H., Parameterization of condensation and associated clouds in models for weather prediction and general circulation simulation, in Physically-based Modeling and Simulation of Climate and Climate Change, Vol. 1, edited by M. E. Schlesinger, 433-461, Kluwer Academic, 1988.

Temperton, C., Treatment of the Coriolis terms in semi-Lagrangian spectral models, in Atmospheric and Ocean Modelling. The André J. Robert Memorial Volume, edited by C. Lin, R. Laprise,, and H. Ritchie, 293-302, Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, Ottawa, Canada, 1997.

Temperton, C., M. Hortal, and A. Simmons, A two-time-level semi-Lagrangian global spectral model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 127, 111-127, 2001.

Tripoli, G. J., and W. R. Cotton, A numerical investigation of several factors contributing to the observed variable intensity of deep convection over south Florida, J. Appl. Meteorol., 19, 1037-1063, 1980.

Troen, I., and L. Mahrt, A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; sensitivity to surface evaporation, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 37, 129-148, 1986.

Untersteiner, N., On the mass and heat budget of Arctic sea ice, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol., A, 12, 151-182, 1961.

Varanasi, P., and S. Chudamani, Infrared intensities of some chlorofluorocarbons capable of perturbing the global climate, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 1666-1668, 1988.

Vogelezang, D. H. P., and A. A. M. Holtslag, Evaluation and model impacts of alternative boundary-layer height formulations, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 81, 245-269, 1996.

Washington, W. M., Documentation for the Community Climate Model (CCM), Version $ \emptyset$, Technical Report NTIS No. PB82 194192, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 1982.

Williamson, D. L., Description of NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM0B), Technical Report NCAR/TN-210+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, NTIS No. PB83 23106888, 88 pp., 1983.

Williamson, D. L., Time-split versus process-split coupling of parameterizations and dynamical core, Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2024-2041, 2002.

Williamson, D. L., L. M. Bath, R. K. Sato, T. A. Mayer, and M. L. Kuhn, Documentation of NCAR CCM0B program modules, Technical Report NCAR/TN-212+IA, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, NTIS No. PB83 263996, 198 pp., 1983.

Williamson, D. L., J. T. Kiehl, V. Ramanathan, R. E. Dickinson, and J. J. Hack, Description of NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1), Technical Report NCAR/TN-285+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 112 pp., 1987.

Williamson, D. L., and J. G. Olson, Climate simulations with a semi-Lagrangian version of the NCAR Community Climate Model, Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 1594-1610, 1994.

Williamson, D. L., and P. J. Rasch, Two-dimensional semi-Lagrangian transport with shape-preserving interpolation, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 102-129, 1989.

Williamson, D. L., and J. M. Rosinski, Accuracy of reduced grid calculations, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 1619-1640, 2000.

Williamson, D. L., and G. S. Williamson, Circulation statistics from January and July simulations with the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM0B), Technical Report NCAR/TN-224+STR,, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, NTIS No. PB85 165637/AS, 112 pp., 1984.

Williamson, G. S., CCM2 datasets and circulation statistics, Technical Report NCAR/TN-391+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 85 pp., 1993.

Williamson, G. S., and D. L. Williamson, Circulation statistics from seasonal and perpetual January and July simulations with the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM1): R15, Technical Report NCAR/TN-302+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 199 pp., 1987.

Yanai, M., S. Esbensen, and J.-H. Chu, Determination of bulk properties of tropical cloud clusters from large-scale heat and moisture budgets, J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 611-627, 1973.

Zeng, X., and R. E. Dickinson, Effect of surface sublayer on surface skin temperature and fluxes, J. Climate, 11, 537-550, 1998.

Zeng, X., M. Zhao, and R. E. Dickinson, Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAO data, J. Climate, 11, 2628-2644, 1998.

Zhang, G. J., and N. A. McFarlane, Sensitivity of climate simulations to the parameterization of cumulus convection in the Canadian Climate Centre general circulation model, Atmosphere-Ocean, 33, 407-446, 1995.

Zhang, M., W. Lin, C. S. Bretherton, J. J. Hack, and P. J. Rasch, A modified formulation of fractional stratiform condensation rate in the NCAR community atmospheric model CAM2, J. Geophys. Res., 108  (D1), 2003.

Zilitinkevich, S. S., Dynamics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1970, 292 pp.



Jim McCaa 2003-03-03